售电公司如何通过合理组合虚拟电厂和调度 实现经济效益最大化？

4.2.3 售电公司向用户的售电价格

图8为售电公司向用户的售电价格,其变化趋势与实时电价大体相同,随着实时电价的上升而上升,保证购售电利润。由于售电公司在峰时段和平时段对IL、TL、DER等进行了大量调用,起到了一定的削峰效果,售电公司在电价较高的时段购电量减少,购电成本降低,因此图8中售电价格高峰与实时电价高峰相比相对左移。12:00的售电价格跳跃是由于售电公司向用户售电需要满足与其协商的平均售电价格约束。

4.2.4 售电公司在实时市场的交易量

图9为售电公司在实时市场的交易情况。图中

图8 售电公司向用户售电价格Fig. 8 Selling price of the electricity retailer to the user

图9 售电公司实时市场交易电量Fig. 9 Electricity retailers trading electricity in real-time market

大于0的部分为售电公司从实时市场的购电量,小于0的部分为向实时市场的售电量,可见售电公司通过对VPP、DER、DL的合理组合与调度,在实时电价较高时降低购电量,并向实时市场出售多余电量,一方面减少了购电成本,另一方面增加了售电收益,大大提高了售电公司的购售电收益。

4.2.5 售电公司效益对比

为从售电公司购售电收益和分散式资源利用率两方面进行售电公司效益的对比分析,并对VPP运行成本进行分析,设置如下3个场景：

1）售电公司不考虑VPP组合的场景。

2）售电公司在1个完整调度周期内,VPP只组合1次的场景。

3）售电公司在每个调度间隔,VPP组合1次的场景。

购售电收益即为式(2)调度模型中的目标函数值F,分散式资源利用率采用完整调度周期内分散式资源实际调用情况与申报量的比值来表征。3个场景的综合效益对比如表1所示。

根据表1,考虑VPP的动态组合策略场景下的VPP运行成本在3个场景中最高,这是因为场景3中分散式资源的利用率最高,被调用量最大,因此售电公司支付给分散式资源的费用最高,即VPP运

表1 不同场景下售电公司效益对比Tab. 1 Comparison of the benefits of electricity retailers in different scenarios

行成本最高。但即便如此,此时售电公司获得的经济效益和对分散式资源的利用率在3个场景中也是最高。可见考虑售电公司内分散式资源、负荷以及实时市场的变化,通过动态组合所辖配电网内的DER、DL形成VPP,整合分散式资源,可以大大提升售电公司对分散式资源的利用率,增加售电公司的购售电运营收益。

5 结论

本文以拥有配电网运营权的售电公司为研究对象,针对配电网中分散式资源难以准入和调控的问题,将VPP的实时动态组合纳入售电公司的优化调度中,建立了考虑VPP组合策略的售电公司优化调度模型。通过算例分析得出如下结论：

1）售电公司对VPP的组合和调用主要集中在峰时段和平时段,可在减少售电公司购电成本的同时提升售电收益,扩大盈利空间,向用户售电价格高峰与实时电价高峰相对偏移,增强市场竞争力。

2）VPP动态组合策略有利于售电公司对分散式资源的整合利用,提高了售电公司对分散式资源的利用率,在保证所辖配电网安稳运行的同时,能够提升售电公司购售电收益。

3）VPP内部涉及多主体之间的博弈,外部涉及多主体的市场竞争,后续将进一步开展VPP内部和外部报价策略方面的研究。

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