电网氢储能场景下的固态储氢系统及储氢材料的技术指标研究

4.6 氢化物生成焓

储氢材料吸收和释放氢的过程中要放热和吸热。储氢材料做储氢用时,从能源效率角度看,其生成热应该尽量小。材料在吸氢时要放出热量,放氢时又必须从外界获得热量,如果氢化物生成热太大,吸放氢时需要进行大量的热量传输,这对材料、系统的传热特性要求就高。若热量传输不及时,便会限制吸放氢反应的进行。

以HD/HC值作为评价基准,这里,HD是指氢化物生成焓,HC是指氢的燃烧热(为285.8 kJ mol-1  H2)。一般认为氢化反应焓变ΔH落在-29~ 46 kJ mol H(对应于分解压力0.01~1  MPa)范围内的储氢材料是比较适合用作储氢材料的,其对应的/值为0.1~0.16。

因此,储氢材料的氢化物生成焓与氢燃烧热的比值,即HD/HC值,近期内应≤0.16,远期应≤0.12。

4.7 吸氢压力

储氢系统的安全性主要与材料的吸氢压力有关,若材料吸氢压力高,组装成储氢容器时,势必需要容器具有较高的耐压性能,这不仅隐藏安全隐患,还会增加容器加工、制造成本。

储氢材料的吸氢压力应该与固态储氢系统的充氢压力保持一致(表4),所以,储氢材料的吸氢压力,近期内应≤5 MPa,远期应≤3 MPa。

4.8 材料成本

对于电网氢能储能发电系统,成本直接影响了能否商业化。固态储氢系统的一大部分成本来自于储氢材料的成本,目前储氢材料的成本约占固态储氢装置总成本的60%~80%。前面提出了电网氢储能场景下的固态储氢系统的造价目标为：近期内应≤12  000元/kg H2;远期应≤8000元/kg H2。因此,电网氢储能用储氢材料成品的成本,近期内应≤10 000元/kg H2。远期应≤6000元/kg  H2。

综上分析,电网氢储能场景下的储氢材料的技术指标总结如表5所示。

5 结论

本文首先分析了电网氢储能系统中电解水制氢和燃料电池两个关键环节的技术参数,从而得出了电网氢储能系统对氢气存储和释放的特性要求,即：工作温度在-40~85°C之间;吸氢压力最好能够处于0.1~3  MPa之间,放氢压力必须自始至终维持高于0.3 MPa;吸氢速率应大于0.2 Nm3 h-1 (kW)-1,放氢速率应大于0.84 Nm3 h-1  (kW)-1;循环寿命要到达3000次以上。

然后,本文根据电网氢储能系统对氢气存储释放的特性要求以及固态储氢技术的发展现状,分析并提出了电网氢储能场景下的固态储氢系统及储氢材料的关键技术指标以及未来的发展目标。电网氢储能场景下的固态储氢系统及储氢材料的技术指标的提出对于未来指导电网氢储能用固态储氢技术及储氢材料的研究和开发具有重要意义。随着技术的发展和进步,电网氢储能场景下的固态储氢系统和储氢材料的技术指标将进行滚动修订。

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