深度｜售电公司代理用户参与市场 如何在兼顾售用双方利益的前提下完成家庭负荷管理决策？

通过计算对应响应程度的电价峰谷比发现,电价峰谷比与响应程度之间的曲线关系如图10所示。图10的曲线说明：响应程度的越大,代表更多用户选择在动态电价下积极响应,售电公司会因此增大电价峰谷差从而使自身效益最大化。另一方面,电价峰谷差异增大,对用户而言适当推迟使用时间来达到节省费用的诱惑度就越大,较大的峰谷比会促使更多用户在动态电价作用下积极响应[21],进一步体现了售用双方相互影响、相互制约的关系。

同时由于动态电价的灵活特性符合用户日常用电需求,非响应群体用电费用也随响应程度得到了减少。

2）购电量比例值对售电公司的影响。

根据表3数据可以看出,售电公司收益随着响应程度增加略微下降,这是因为在做响应程度对比数据时,对于售电公司的日前购电量并未根据用户

负荷水平作出调整。实际决策中,由于响应程度的变动对实时用电负荷曲线的改变,售电公司也会对于日前购电量作出相应调整,以减少日前购电和实时用电量产生不平衡量以后造成的经济损失。

结合图11和响应程度变化调整售电公司购电量,代入模型进行优化计算后,得到售电公司的收益分别为：d=25%时,收益为8034.12元;d=75%时,收益为9076.45元;d=100%时,收益为9869.01元。可以清晰地观察到,配合投标曲线后,售电公司收益在居民用户响应程度增加以后,得到了显著提高。这说明了本文提出的双层优化模型实现了用售双方利益的双赢,并为用户侧提供了清晰的调度安排,给售电公司提供了电价制定和购电策略。

图11 各响应程度下的投标曲线Fig. 11 Bidding curves in different degree of demand response

6 结论

本文提出的价格DR激励下家庭柔性负荷管理和售电公司售电决策的双层优化模型,经仿真结果表明,通过安排家庭部分柔性负荷启动时间和为售电公司制定灵活的实时销售电价,能够在家庭用电费用最省的同时保证售电公司利益最大化。在算例分析中可以得到以下结论：

1）本模型通过时间延迟对负荷进行管理能够改善总体负荷曲线,达到一定程度的削峰效果。随响应程度的增加,削峰效果增强。

2）响应程度和动态电价峰谷比息息相关。通过多组响应程度下电价对比可以发现,响应程度和电价峰谷比成正比关系。动态电价是引导用户改变用电行为的激励,电价峰谷比相差越大,对用户激励越强,更多用户会选择接受制定的用电计划。

3）日前购电量与响应程度有一定关系,响应程度代表用户参与DR的比例,间接体现了实际用电需求。结合响应程度对负荷的削峰效果可以调整日前购电量,以降低售电公司购电成本。

灵活的动态电价的定制不仅能够促使用户积极进行需求响应,还能让售电公司在竞争激烈的电力市场上得到更多用户的青睐,提高其竞争能力。但本文考虑的可时移负荷种类较少,缺乏对更多大功率家用设备的进一步建模。由于本文是日前优化,对于实时市场的数据多采用预测的手法进行仿真,结果会与实际有一定误差,此后研究会针对误差做出改进。

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